US History Academic Standards
USH.4.1 Examine the economic, political, and social transformations between the World Wars.
B. Describe the rising racial tensions in American society including the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, increased lynchings, race riots as typified by the Tulsa Race Riot, the rise of Marcus Garvey and Black nationalism, and the use of poll taxes and literacy tests to disenfranchise Blacks.
Oklahoma History Center Education Resources
Traveling Trunk
African Americans in Oklahoma
E-Exhibits
The African American Civil Rights Movement in Oklahoma
African Americans in Oklahoma Before 1954
The Tulsa Race Massacre
The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
Scott Ellsworth, "Tulsa Race Massacre"
Jimmie Lewis Franklin, "African Americans"
Hannibal B. Johnson, "Greenwood District"
James M. Smallwood, "Segregation"
John H. L. Thompson, "Roscoe Dunjee"
Dianna Everett, "Lynching"
Larry O'Dell, "Ku Klux Klan"
Larry O'Dell, "John Calloway Walton"
Research Center Resources
Scott Ellsworth, Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982).
John Hope Franklin and Scott Ellsworth, eds., The Tulsa Race Riot: A Scientific, Historical and Legal Analysis (Oklahoma City: Tulsa Race Riot Commission, 2000).
Charles Alexander, The Ku Klux Klan in the Southwest (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995).
Audio/Visual
Photograph of Tulsa, OK dominated by billowing smoke during the Tulsa Race Riot, c.1921 https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1619126/
Photograph of an African-American man with a camera looking at the skeletons of iron beds which rise above the ashes of a burned out block after the Tulsa Race Riot, c. 1921. https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1618199/
Photograph of National Guard Troops escorting unarmed African-American men after the Tulsa Race Riot, c. 1921 https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1617819/
Photograph of people searching trough rubble after the Tulsa Race Riot, June 1, 1921. https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1621490/
"Gathered around a blazing cross, Ku Klux Klansmen in full regalia posed for a photographer shortly before their district rally six miles northwest of Oklahoma City Thursday night when 350 new members were inducted into the organization." https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc373366/
Online Primary Sources
Tulsa Race Massacre Collection, Oklahoma Department of Libraries Digital Prairie
Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921 Photograph Collection, OSU
Tulsa Race Massacre: The Attack on Greenwood, Tulsa Historical Society
Tulsa Race Massacre Photo Archive, University of Tulsa
Tulsa Race Massacre Photo Archive, Tulsa City-County Library
Additional Resources
1-Day and 5-Day Lesson Plans, 1921 Tulsa Race Riot Commission
We Remember...Before and Beyond
The Massacre of Black Wall Street-Graphic Comic, The Atlantic
D. Examine growing labor unrest and industry's reactions, including the use of sit- down strikes and court injunctions, and why socialism and communism appealed to labor.
The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
Lary O'Dell, "Organized Labor"
Nigel Anthony Sellars, "Green Corn Rebellion"
Jim Bissett, "Socialist Party"
James C. Milligan, "Farm-Labor Reconstruction League"
Nigel Anthony Sellars, "Working Class Union"
John Thompson, "Oscar Ameringer"
Larry O'Dell, "Communist Party"
Nigel Anthony Sellars, "Industrial Workers of the World"
Research Center Resources
Sherry Warrick, "Radical Labor in Oklahoma: The Working Class Union," The Chronicles of Oklahoma 52 (Summer 1974).
Audio/Visual
Photograph of a Socialist Encampment, Sept. 2-5, 1910. Photo by Tom M Greenwood, Antlers, OK. https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1618019/
Photograph of Farm Labor Union Meeting in Bromide, OK, when Russie M. Dennis was County Organizer, c. 1920-1929. https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1472745/
Photograph of the A.F.L. Float during the Labor Day Parade, Oklahoma City, OK. https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1589377/
Online Primary Sources
"History of Labor Primary Sources," Labor Archives of Washington
Flint Sit-Down Strike Oral History Collection
"Frances Perkins," Columbia Oral History Research, Columbia
Additional Resources
"Our Labor History Timeline," AFL-CIO
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