Historical Marker Program

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100th Meridian Oklahoma/Texas State Line

Harmon County
Location: on US-62, four miles west of Hollis
Coordinates: 34.681614, -100.000335
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): 100th Meridian Chapter Daughters of the American Revolution
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Government; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

The Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) designated the 100th Meridian as the boundary between the United States and New Spain (Spanish Mexico). The location of the 100th Meridian remained under dispute after the admission of Texas into the Union in 1845. In 1927, the US Supreme Court confirmed the 100th Meridian as the Oklahoma-Texas border and assigned engineer Samuel S. Gannett to locate and mark the state line.

101 Ranch

Noble County
Location: on OK-156, north of Marland
Coordinates: 36.567150, -97.149150
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: Agriculture; American Indians; Arts; Industry/Business; Petroleum; Ranching; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Believed to have derived its name from the 101,894 acres of the Ponca Reservation, this huge ranch was founded by George W. Miller and his sons in the early 1880s on land he leased, eventually purchased, or otherwise acquired from the Ponca Indians. The ranch became world-famous for its Wild West show, oil wells, livestock, and farm products.

There is a duplicate marker located approximately three miles north of this marker’s location at the 101 Ranch site in Kay County.

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1928 Route 66 Footrace

Rogers County
Location: at the intersection of Poplar Street and East 4th Street in Foyil
Coordinates: 36.435019, -95.520072
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Foyil Heritage Association
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Social/Culture

In 1928, Andrew Hartley Payne of Foyil won a transcontinental footrace from Los Angeles to New York City in 573 hours, 4 minutes, and 34 seconds. He became known as one of the greatest long-distance runners in American history. The race route through Oklahoma followed US-66.

48 Milepost Old State Line

Le Flore County
Location: on OK-1 just west of Arkansas border
Topics: Military; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Transportation; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

This site was forty-eight miles from Fort Smith on the military road that ran south to Texas.

700 Ranch House

Carter County
Location: on Sunset Drive in Ardmore
Topics: Transportation; Urban Development

Ardmore's beginning is traced to the establishment of the 700 Ranch. In 1870, the Roff log house was the first building erected within what would become the city limits of Ardmore. The house was moved to its present site in 1991.

96th Parallel

Osage County

Abert Expedition

Blaine County
Location: 1.5 miles northwest, then one mile north and seven miles west of the Canadian River bridge on former US Highway 66
Material: Other (Concrete with bronze plaque)
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: Empire Period, 1541–1803; Government; Military; Transportation

At this location on October 1, 1845, a military expedition to the Rocky Mountains under the command of James William Abert paused on its return journey to sketch the buttes appearing to the south. This was the first expedition to make the overland trip with a train of wagons from Bent’s Fort, in present-day Colorado, down the Canadian River to Fort Gibson.

Note: This marker no longer exists.

Alexander Posey

McIntosh County
Location: off OK 9 in Posey Park, in Eufaula
Coordinates: 35.288483, -95.585067
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: American Indians; Arts; Government; Mass Communication; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

This famous Creek poet and journalist's life prematurely ended when he drowned in the North Canadian River near Eufaula on May 27, 1908. Alexander Posey was the editor of newspapers, a member of the Dawes Commission, and widely known for his poems such as "Ode to Sequoyah."

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Alice Robertson

Muskogee County
Location: in Greenhill Cemetery in Muskogee
Sponsor(s): Daughters of the American Revolution
Topics: Civil Rights; Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Government

Alice Robertson, a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, was Oklahoma's first female member of Congress, elected in 1920 from the Second Congressional District for one term. See Greenhill Cemetery.

Alikchi Court Ground

McCurtain County
Location: on OK-3, 1/2 mile east of Ringold
Topics: American Indians; Folklife; Government; Social/Cultural; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

The last execution under Choctaw law was carried out here in 1899. According to Choctaw custom, a prisoner sentenced to death was allowed freedom to set family affairs in order from the time of sentencing until he returned to face the firing squad.

Alikchi Springs

McCurtain County
Topics: American Indians; Law and Order

Alikchi was established in about 1834 as “Court Town“ or the District Capital of the Oklahoma Falaya (later Apukshunnubbee) District of the Choctaw Nation. On July 13, 1899, Alikchi Court grounds were the scene of the last official execution under Choctaw tribal law. With the Curtis Act of 1906, the court was closed.

Alluwe

Nowata County
Location: Five miles south of OK-28/US-60 junction on OK-28
Coordinates: 36.621564, -95.485845
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Roberta Campbell Lawson and Herbert Lockhart Campbell
Topics: American Indians; Settlement Patterns; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

John Edward Campbell of Winchester, Virginia, and his wife, Emma Journeycake Campbell, established a home and store at Alluwe, Indian Territory, in January 1878. Then known as Lightning Creek, the town was established by the Delawares after settling on land purchased from the Cherokee Nation in 1867. Campbell and other residents successfully petitioned Congress to change the town’s post office designation from Lightning Creek to Alluwe in 1883.

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Altus-Jackson County Well

Jackson County
Location: on the north side of the Jackson County Courthouse in Altus
Coordinates: 34.638770, -99.334580
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Unknown
Topics: Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Urban Development; Water

Hand-dug in 1889–90 by Sam Neal, who homesteaded the lands that comprise downtown Altus, this well provided the lone water supply for the town for several years. It was 35 feet deep and walled with brick. The well was rediscovered in 1989 and subsequently restored.

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The American Flag (Rock Mary)

Caddo County
Location: on top of Rock Mary, southwest of Hinton
Coordinates: 35.460035, -98.425682
Material: Other (Bronze plaque)
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: Environmental/Cultural Ecology; Folklore/Folklife; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

On May 23, 1849, the flag of the United States was unfurled atop the Rock Mary by Lieutenants M. P. Harrison and J. H. Simpson. The officers were part of a military detachment escorting emigrants westward. They named the rock for emigrant Mary Conway, establishing a landmark for thousands of settlers moving westward.

Note: This marker is located on private property and is inaccessible to the public.

American Mutual Company

Oklahoma County
Location: 1001 North Pennsylvania Avenue in Oklahoma City
Coordinates: 35.478599, -97.548711
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Salvation Army, Central Oklahoma Area Command/Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: Industrial Period, 1941–1982; Industry/Business; Retail

A pioneer of the warehouse club retail industry, American Mutual Company was established by the Homsey brothers and operated on this site from 1961 until 1987. The Homseys fought in court to give business owners the right to set their own prices without interference by producers, won in the Oklahoma Supreme Court on April 18, 1961, and thus changed Oklahoma’s retail environment.

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Amos Chapman

Dewey County
Location: in Brumfield section of Seiling Cemetery
Coordinates: 36.160027, -98.938621
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Seiling Chamber of Commerce
Topics: American Indians; Government; Military; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Transportation; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Amos Chapman was a famous civilian American Indian scout employed by the US Army. He was one of only five survivors of the Buffalo Wallow Fight in 1874, an action that earned him the Congressional Medal of Honor. Chapman later married Mary Longneck, the daughter of a Cheyenne chief.

Note: This marker was reported damaged on April 9, 2025.

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Andrew Solomon Layton

Oklahoma County
Location: on the grounds of the Wiley Post Building, 2100 North Lincoln Boulevard, Oklahoma City
Material: Granite
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Education; Government; Social/Cultural; Urban Development

Oklahoma's premier pioneer architect, Layton designed the State Capitol (1914), the Oklahoma Historical Society building (1930), and other early Oklahoma City structures, including the Mid-Continent Life Insurance Building. Statewide, Layton and his associates designed more than a hundred buildings, including thirty-two buildings at six colleges (plus at least one in Texas), twenty-one government buildings, and more than forty schools. He also designed residences in a number of communities and even a subdivision in Ponca City for the Marland Company.

Antlers Tornado

Pushmataha County
Location: on grounds of the Frisco Railroad Depot/Pushmataha County Historical Society Museum on OK-3 in Antlers
Coordinates: 34.230629, -95.621794
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Pushmataha County Historical Society
Topics: Environment/Cultural Ecology; Industrial Period, 1941–1982

On April 12, 1945, one of the most devastating tornados in Oklahoma history touched down in Antlers. The storm killed 86 people, and another 313 were injured. Hundreds of homes and buildings were destroyed, leaving 1,500 people homeless after the storm. The tornado continued northeast after leaving Antlers and eventually crossed into Arkansas.

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Ardmore

Carter County
Location: on US Highway 77, north of Ardmore, Carter County
Topics: American Indians; Education; Government; Religion/Philosophy; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

The Ardmore post office was named for Ardmore, Pennsylvania, and established on October 27, 1887, on the Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe Railroad, built north from Texas. Ardmore was the home of Lee Cruce, second governor of Oklahoma from 1911–1915. Hargrove College was opened by the Methodist Church in 1895 and became Carter Seminary in 1917 for Chickasaw girls. It was named for Charles D. Carter, M.C.

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Ardmore Air Crash

Carter County
Location: on OK-53, on the corner of Ardmore Industrial Airpark (See Ardmore Army Air Field)
Topics: Military; Modern Period, 1982–present; Transportation

On April 22, 1966, six soldiers and a crew of six died when an American Flyers Company Electra turboprop airplane crashed in the Arbuckle Mountains about "two miles and two hills" east of the Ardmore Airpark. Seventeen survived the crash. The plane was en route from Fort Ord, California, to Fort Benning, Georgia.

Ardmore Army Air Field

Carter County
Location: at Ardmore Industrial Airpark, seven miles east of Exit 40 on I-35
Topics: Industrial Period, 1941–1982; Military

The Ardmore Army Air Field base was built to train airmen from 1942 to 1946. From 1953 to 1958, the facility was known as the Ardmore Air Force Base. A nearby marker honors the trainees who were casualties in World War II and the Korean War.

Asbury Memorial to Asbury Manual Labor School

McIntosh County
Location: off BUS-69 in Greenwood Cemetery, north of Eufaula
Coordinates: 35.293967, -95.582650
Material: Other (Stone with bronze plaque)
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Methodist Historical Society
Topics: American Indians; Education; Religion/Philosophy

Stones that make up the monument are from the original buildings of Asbury Manual Labor School (est. 1847). The original site of the school lies under Lake Eufaula. Monument dedicated to Methodist missionaries who established the school for Native children and youth.

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AT6 Monument

Pushmataha County
Location: on Sherman Rd., approximately three miles north of Moyers
Coordinates: 34.368533, -95.643431
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Rattan Public School
Topics: Industrial Period, 1941–1982; Military

Dedicated in memory of four British cadets who died in a plane crash in the Kiamichi Mountains during a training mission on February 20, 1943. The cadets were on a training mission en route to the No. 3 British Flying Training School in Miami, Oklahoma. The cadets were flying training aircraft known as AT-6s.

Note: Monument is in a private residential development. Follow signage and stay on road.

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Atlas Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Site

Greer County
Location: Beside OK Highway 34/U.S. Highway 283, immediately west of the Willow missile site. Willow, OK
Coordinates: 35.062140, -99.500900
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Charles T. and Mary Ellen Doyle Family

To counter the Soviet Union's Cold War nuclear threat in the 1950s, the United States government created the Atlas Intercontinental Ballistic Missile. Twelve Atlas F Missile sites were built near Altus Air Force Base between 1960 and 1962. One of these sites sat immediately east of this marker.

The underground silo that housed the 82-foot-long missile here was 174 feet deep with a diameter of 52 feet. Connected to the missile silo by a tunnel was the underground Launch Control Center. A five-person crew lived there around the clock, ready to fire the missile. Once fired, the Atlas stored here was capable of reaching the Soviet Union in 43 minutes.

This missile site was attached to the 577th Strategic Missile Squadron at Altus Air Force Base. All 12 Altus-area missiles were put on alert during the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. On March 25, 1965, the 577th SMS was inactivated.

The Atlas Missile program was a national security priority under Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson. The Willow Atlas Missile site played a crucial role in the nation's Cold War nuclear arsenal from 1962 to 1965.

This marker was provided by the Charles T. and Mary Ellen Doyle Family.

Note: This marker is damaged.

Atoka

Atoka County
Location: on grounds of Atoka Museum and Civil War Cemetery, Atoka
Coordinates: 34.399863, -96.117413
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: American Indians; Government; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Named for Captain Atoka, Choctaw leader and signer of Treaty of Dancing Rabbit (1830). Atoka County was organized in the Choctaw Nation in 1854. The Atoka Agreement, which provided for allotment of lands in the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations, was signed in this city in 1897.

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B. B. McKinney Cabin

Murray County
Location: at the Falls Creek Conference Center at Turner Falls south of Davis
Sponsor(s): Baptist General Convention of Oklahoma
Topics: Arts; Religion/Philosophy; Social/Cultural

The legendary Southern Baptist composer, who directed music at Falls Creek from 1925 to 1947, wrote the song, "Wherever He Leads I'll Go," in this cabin.

Babbs Switch Fire

Kiowa County
Location: in Hobart Cemetery
Topics: Education; Government; Social/Cultural

On Christmas Eve in 1924, thirty-six men, women, and children died in a fire that raged through the country school during a Christmas program. Candles ignited a Christmas tree and spread to new paint on the walls. The doors were built to open inward, and when people crowded them to escape, they were trampled. The fire resulted in new laws that required school exit doors to open outward.

Bacone College

Muskogee County
Location: at front entrance of Bacone College in Muskogee
Sponsor(s): Daughters of the American Revolution
Topics: American Indians; Education; Religion/Philosophy; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Almon C. Bacone founded Bacone College for American Indians in Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, in 1880. The school was moved to Muskogee in the Creek Nation in 1885. It is affiliated with the American Baptist Church and is the oldest college continually in operation in Oklahoma.

Bake Oven

Muskogee County
Location: at the Fort Gibson Historic Site
Topics: Military; Social/Cultural; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Transportation

This brick oven was constructed with the new bakery erected at Fort Gibson about 1863 to supply the garrison with fresh bread.

Note: This marker was removed due to historical inaccuracies.

Baker’s Ranch

Kingfisher County
Location: the west side of  US-81, four miles south of Hennessey
Coordinates: 36.0564576,-97.8995264
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: Ranching; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Site one-half mile west. This ranch station, noted water place on the old Chisholm Trail, was attacked in the last Indian Wars and found deserted a few days later, July 5, 1874, by Indian Agent J. D. Miles, who asked for US Cavalry to guard the trail in this section. This site was laid out in 1890 as Baker City, a ghost town now.

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Bankers National Bank Building

Carter County
Location: at 100 West Main Street in Ardmore
Topics: Petroleum; Social/Cultural; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Built in 1905, the building became a casual meeting place for early oil men seeking deals.

Baptist Mission

Adair County
Location: 3 miles north of junction of US 62 and US 59 at Old Baptist Mission Church, Westville vicinity
Coordinates: 36.035342, -94.583661
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: American Indians; Education; Religion/Philosophy; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

The present-day white frame building contains some of the original timbers of the log church built in 1839. Reverend James Bushyhead, the first supreme court judge of the Cherokee Nation, established the mission, which the Cherokees called Bread Town. The Cherokee Messenger, a religious publication, was printed at the mission beginning in 1844. Bacone College at Muskogee is an outgrowth of the school begun at Baptist Mission.

Note: The original aluminum marker for Baptist Mission is in front of the Old Baptist Mission Church.

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Baptists at Cowlington

Le Flore County
Location: on US-59 south of Sallisaw near junction with OK-9
Coordinates: 35.257518, -94.761463
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Baptist Historical Commission
Topics: Religion/Philosophy; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

A Baptist church organized in a brush arbor here in 1837. This church and seven other churches formed the Short Mountain Association in 1844, the first and oldest Anglo Baptist Association in Oklahoma.

Note: This marker could not be located and is presumed to no longer exist.

Barnes-Stevenson House

McCurtain County
Location: at 302 Southeast Adams Street in Idabel
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Family/Household; Government

The restored 1912 home of Judge T. J. Barnes is now owned by the McCurtain County Historical Society. Barnes was McCurtain County's first county judge. The house contains World War I–era furnishings.

Battle of Backbone Mountain

Le Flore County
Location: near intersection of Hardin Lane and OK-112 in Pocola
Coordinates: 35.202720, -94.491268
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: Military; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Union forces, led by Major General James G. Blunt, and Confederate troops, commanded by Brigadier General William L. Cabell, skirmished near this marker’s location in September 1863. The Union victory secured Fort Smith for the remainder of the Civil War. On July 27, 1864, a Choctaw battalion under the command of Captain Jackson McCurtain defeated federal troops in a skirmish nearby.

Note: Both Civil War engagements noted on this marker occurred in Arkansas.

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Battle of Chustenahlah

Osage County
Location: One half mile west of N 52nd W Avenue on OK-20, Skiatook vicinity.
Coordinates: 36.368646, -96.059451
Material: Granite
Topics: American Indians; Government; Military; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

This site, 3.5 miles NW, is where Colonel James McIntosh, 2nd Arkansas Mounted Rifles, routed loyal Union Indian forces December 26, 1861. The battle opened with fire from the Indian line of Patriot's Hill, 2 miles southwest. The loyal Union Indians finally fled to Kansas.

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Battle of Chusto-Talasah

Tulsa County
Location: on OK-11 at 86th Street North in Tulsa
Topics: American Indians; Government; Military; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

This battle was the second in a series of three engagements between pro-Northern Indians led by Opothleyahola and a combined white and Indian Confederate force on December 9, 1861, on Bird Creek.

Note: This marker was reported missing on 7/8/2023.

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Battle of Greenleaf Prairie

Muskogee County
Location: on OK-10, one mile north of Braggs
Coordinates: 35.682461, -95.203409
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Braggs History Project
Topics: Military; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

On June 13, 1863, a moving skirmish flowed across the prairie near present-day Camp Gruber to the Arkansas River. It was the final action in an unsuccessful attempt by Confederate Colonel Stand Watie and his Cherokee regiment to disrupt Union supply lines to Fort Gibson. Union infantry and cavalry, commanded by Colonel Stephen H. Wattles, quickly caught up with Watie’s forces and defeated them.

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Battle of Honey Springs

Muskogee County
Location: on US-69 northeast of Oktaha
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: Government; Indian and Frontier Trade; Military; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Transportation

This battlefield east of the marker, beginning near the south edge of Oktaha, extends south over the countryside more than two and a half miles to Honey Springs on Elk Creek, located south of the Muskogee County line in McIntosh County. Beautiful, clear flowing Honey Springs can be seen about one and a half miles east and north of Rentiesville, McIntosh County. On a rise of ground several hundred feet north of the springs was a Confederate commissary depot where large stores of flour, pork, and other supplies in a big warehouse were destroyed by the Confederate troops to keep them from falling into the hands of the enemy.

Note: This marker is missing.

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Battle of Locust Grove

Mayes County
Location: on grounds of Pipe Springs Park in Locust Grove
Coordinates: 36.198147, -95.149979
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: Military; Territorial Period, 1865–1907

On July 2, 1862, federal troops under Colonel William Weer surprised a Confederate encampment here. The Southerners led by Colonel J. J. Clarkson surrendered, but heavy fighting continued throughout the day in nearby woods between Union troops and Confederate soldiers who escaped the raid.

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Battle of Round Mountain

Tulsa County
Location: at junction of OK-51 and Old Dawson Road south of old Keystone
Topics: Government; Military; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

The first Civil War battle in Oklahoma was fought here on November 19, 1861, between Confederate troops led by Colonel Douglas H. Cooper and Union forces led by Creek Chief Opothleyahola. The Southerners prevailed and occupied the Confederate encampment nearby. Some scholars believe this battle occurred in Payne County.

Battle of Round Mountains

Payne County
Location: on McElroy Road, four miles west of Yale
Coordinates: 36.130044, -96.775442
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Payne County Historical Society
Topics: Military; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Between the landmark known as Round Mountain (Twin Mounds) to the south and a camp on Salt Creek two miles northwest, the first battle of the Civil War in Oklahoma was fought between a group of loyal Creeks under Opothleyahola and Confederate forces led by Colonel Douglas H. Cooper. Some scholars believe this engagement took place in Tulsa County.

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The Battle of Saint Etienne France by the Infantry Division on October 8, 1918

Greer County
Location: Veterans Park 410 N. Main, Granite OK
Material: Aluminum
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Government; Military

The 36th Infantry Division was organized by combining the Oklahoma and Texas National Guards. Sixty men that volunteered from Old Greer County were kept together and placed in the 132nd Machine Gun Battalion in that Division. On October 8th, 1918, these men fought on Hill 140 at Saint Etienne France. The Division suffered 1,300 casualties in the first day of fighting, which was the single day highest casualty rate of the war. After three days of heavy fighting, the enemy began to retreat, and one month later, the war came to an end on November 11, 1918.
Fifty-five other men from Old Greer County fought in the same battle with the 141st and 142nd Infantry Regiments of the 36th Division. One of these soldiers, Sergeant Samuel Sampler from Mangum, received the Medal of Honor for his action on Hill 140 as he fought alongside his fellow Doughboys from Southwest Oklahoma. These men were from Granite, Mangum, Blake, Reed, Willow, Duke, Eldorado, Gould, Hollis, Victory, Vinson, Blair, Altus, Elmer, Headrick, Martha, Olustee and Delhi.
This marker is dedicated on the Centennial of this historic World War I battle by American Legion Post 121 from Mangum and the City of Granite.

Battle of the J. R. Williams

Haskell County
Location: on OK-9, four miles east of Stigler
Coordinates: 35.260895, -95.062622
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: American Indians; Military; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

A Civil War naval battle occurred in Indian Territory on June 15, 1864, when Confederate forces led by Brigadier General Stand Watie forced aground and captured the Union steamboat J. R. Williams. The cargo was valued at $120,000. Confederate troops included Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole soldiers.

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Battle of the Washita

Roger Mills County
Location: in downtown Cheyenne one block south of US-283 and OK-47 intersection
Material: Granite
Topics: American Indians; Military; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

On November 27, 1868, Colonel George Armstrong Custer led the 7th Cavalry in an attack on Chief Black Kettle's camp on the Washita River. The surprise, early-morning attack decimated the Cheyenne camp and no doubt was the seed for Custer's later meeting with American Indians at the Battle of Little Big Horn.

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Battle of the Wichita Village

Grady County
Location: on US-81 on north edge of Rush Springs
Material: Aluminum
Topics: American Indians; Land Openings; Military; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Four companies of the 2nd Cavalry, under the command of Major Earl Van Dorn, attacked a Comanche band near a Wichita village here on October 1, 1858, even though the Indians were on their way from a friendly council at Fort Arbuckle. Seventy Indians were killed, all because of poor communication. Pikey's Crossing was also an entry site for the Land Run of April 22, 1889.

Battle of Turkey Springs

Woods County
Location: on US-64, two miles east of Camp Houston
Coordinates: 36.81235, -99.07458
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Cherokee Strip Volunteer League and the Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: American Indians; Government; Military; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

The last known encounter between American Indians and the federal government in Oklahoma occurred in this area on September 13–14, 1878. Units of the 4th Cavalry battled with Northern Cheyennes led by Dull Knife and Little Wolf as they fled Indian Territory to return to the north. An Arapaho scout and three soldiers were killed.

The Battle of Wooster Mound

Osage County
Location: on OK-99, approximately 4.5 miles north of Wynona
Coordinates: 36.610664, -96.304710
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Joe D. Haines
Topics: Folklife; Government; Social/Cultural; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Near here in 1903, lawman Wiley G. Haines and a small posse killed Sam and Will Martin who were wanted for murder, robbery, and other crimes in five states. A third member of the Martin Gang, Clarence Simmons, escaped.

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Beaver’s Bend

McCurtain County
Location: at Beavers Bend State Park near Broken Bow
Material: Granite
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Environmental/Cultural Ecology; Government; Recreation/Service; Social/Cultural

This unique park was developed between 1935 and 1941 by members of CCC Company 2815, one of many such units organized during the Great Depression by the federal government to provide employment for thousands of young men in conserving and developing the nation's natural resources

Bedlam

Logan County
Location: in Mineral Wells Park on south edge of Guthrie
Coordinates: 35.868773, -97.426550
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): OU/OSU Bedlam Centennial
Topics: Recreational/Service; Social/Cultural; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Commemorates the first football game between Oklahoma State University and the University of Oklahoma held in present-day Mineral Wells Park in Guthrie on November 5, 1904.

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Beecham Cemetery

Canadian County
Location: on cemetery grounds, one mile east of US-81 on E0940 Rd
Coordinates: 35.653303, -97.941581
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Beecham Cemetery Association
Topics: Settlement Patterns; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

The cemetery was established by the Beecham family in 1891 to provide burial space for pioneers of the area. Many graves are marked only by crude stones, their inscriptions eroded by a century of exposure to the elements. In 1972, the Beecham Cemetery Association collected funds to provide for perpetual care for the one-acre cemetery.

Berlin

Roger Mills County
Location: on E1080 Rd approximately 2 miles west of US-283
Coordinates: 35.450837, -99.624696
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Berlin Extension Homemakers
Topics: Settlement Patterns; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Originally known as Doxey, a post office was established in the vicinity in January 1894. Post office name changed to Berlin in September 1896. Named for Berlin, Germany, the town name is pronounced locally as “BUR-lin” because of anti-German sentiment during World War I. Berlin’s post office and school closed in 1967. Marker is dedicated to the settlers who persevered through “drought, flood, sickness, debt, and a multitude of other misfortunes” to establish the community.

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Bernard de La Harpe 1719

Latimer County
Location: on US-270, five miles east of Hartshorne
Material: Aluminum
Topics: American Indians; Empire Period, 1541–1803

The French explorer Bernard de La Harpe came north from Louisiana seeking trade with the Wichita Indians. He camped three miles east of Hartshorne on August 25, 1719, on his way north to the Canadian River and Wichita villages.

Big Four School

Kingfisher County
Location: east of Kingfisher on State Hwy 33 on SE corner of SE 1/4 of 14-16-6
Coordinates: 35.856528, -97.798852
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Big Four Alumni Association
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Education

Big Four School, located three miles north, was formed on March 17, 1920, by a special election vote to consolidate the districts of White Cap, Twilight, Wandell, and Bird Creek. The school graduated its first senior class in 1924; its last in 1968. It continued as a grade school until closing in May 1978.

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Big Pasture

Tillman County
Location: at intersection of US-70 and Main Street in Grandfield
Coordinates: 34.231747, -98.683234
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: Land Openings; Ranching; Settlement Patterns; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

When the Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Reservation was opened to settlement in 1901, over 500,000 acres were reserved for grazing land. Known as the Big Pasture, most of the region was leased for cattle ranching. The federal government later opened the Big Pasture for settlement, and land was sold by sealed bids beginning December 10, 1906. Bids opened starting March 15, 1907, marking the last big land opening in Oklahoma.

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Big Spring

Kay County
Location: at intersection of 13th Street and South Avenue in Ponca City
Sponsor(s): Daughters of the American Revolution
Topics: Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Urban Development; Water; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Indians and explorers used this water supply before it became the main water supply for Ponca City, a village established after the opening of the Cherokee Outlet in 1892.

Bill Dalton Killing

Carter County
Location: on Poolville Road, six miles north of OK-53
Coordinates: 34.419800, -97.399538
Material: Aluminum
Topics: Government; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

In 1894, US Marshal Selden Lindsey shot famous outlaw Bill Dalton here.

Birth Site of Jim Thorpe

Pottawatomie County
Location: approximately six miles southwest of Prague on NS Rd 3510
Coordinates: 35.421941, -96.753523
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): BancFirst of Prague and the Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: American Indians; Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Recreational/Service; Social/Cultural

James Francis Thorpe (Sac and Fox) and twin brother Charles were born here to Hiram and Charlotte Thorpe. Born as Wa-tho-huck, or “Bright Path,” Thorpe dominated the 1912 Olympics, winning both the decathlon and pentathlon events. He played major league baseball and professional football. He was the first president of the National Football League and is a member of Professional Football Hall of Fame. The Associated Press voted him the world’s greatest male athlete of the first half of the twentieth century.

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Birthplace of Interstate Oil Compact Commission

Kay County
Location: Pioneer Woman Museum
Material: Granite
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Environmental/Cultural Ecology; Government; Natural Resources; Petroleum

Original plans for creating Interstate Compact to conserve oil and gas were developed on December 4, 1934, at the home of Governor-elect E.W. Marland, located one half mile northeast of this spot. Participants from twelve oil-producing states took part in these discussions of national and international significance. The purpose was to form a compact for bringing about conservation and prevention of waste in petroleum resources, through coordinated efforts of States Compact, creating the Interstate Oil Compact Commission. It was approved on February 16, 1935, in Dallas, Texas, and was ratified the same year by the legislatures of Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, and consented to by Congress on August 27, 1935. By 1966, thirty states were active members, and three were associate members. Official observers included representatives from Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada; Colombia and Venezuela in South America; US Department of Defense and Interior; and the Federal Power Commission. The headquarters of the Compact Commission were established on Capitol grounds in Oklahoma City.

Birthplace of Jim Thorpe

Lincoln County
Location: less than one block north of the intersection of US-62 and US-377 in Prague
Coordinates: 35.487290, -96.685699
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Prague Historical Society and the Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: American Indians; Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Recreational/Service; Social/Cultural

James Francis Thorpe (Sac and Fox) was born southeast of present-day Prague as Wa-tho-huck, or “Bright Path.” He dominated the 1912 Olympics, winning both the decathlon and pentathlon events. He played Major League Baseball and professional football. He was the first president of the National Football League and is a member of Professional Football Hall of Fame. The Associated Press voted him the world’s greatest male athlete of the first half of the twentieth century.

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Birthplace of the Reflection Seismograph

Oklahoma County
Location: on grounds of Belle Isle Metropolitan Library, Oklahoma City
Coordinates: 35.525897, -97.556988
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Geophysical Society of Oklahoma City
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Petroleum

Field tests that confirmed the validity of the reflection seismography method of prospecting for oil were conducted near this spot on June 4, 1921. The shot has virtually echoed around the world. This monument was erected to commemorate the golden anniversary of the event.

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Birthplace of the University of Oklahoma

Cleveland County
Location: 206 West Main Street in Norman
Coordinates: 35.219846, -97.445395
Material: Other (Brick with bronze plaque)
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: Education; Social/Cultural; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

At this site, known as Rock Building, the first classes of the University of Oklahoma were held on September 15, 1892. Faculty consisted of David Ross Boyd, President; William N. Rice, Languages; Edwin C. DeBarr, Sciences; French S. E. Amos, English and History.

Note: This marker has been removed. Replacement marker is pending.

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Birthplace of Will Rogers

Rogers County
Location: approximately one mile east of Oologah on OK-88
Coordinates: 36.437944, -95.68725
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: American Indians; Arts; Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Mass Communication

World-renowned writer, humorist, and actor Will Rogers was born on a ranch east of Oologah in Cooweescoowee, Indian Territory, on November 4, 1879. He and Wiley Post died in an airplane crash at Point Barrow, Alaska, on August 15, 1935. His birthplace was moved out of the path of Oologah Lake to a site two miles north of here and is open to the public.

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Birthplace of Will Rogers Replica

Rogers County
Location: on US-169 in Oologah
Coordinates: 36.446927, -95.708136
Material: Other
Sponsor(s): City of Oologah
Topics: American Indians; Arts; Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Mass Communication

Zennie Taylor constructed a replica of the Will Rogers birthplace in 1930. It was dedicated during a “Will Rogers Day” celebration in Oologah. The city of Oologah constructed a stone monument in memory of Will Rogers after his death in 1935. An arsonist destroyed the original replica of the house, which was replaced by a new model sponsored by the Oologah Chamber of Commerce.

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Black Beaver

Caddo County
Location: on US-62 in the National Hall of Fame for Famous American Indians in Anadarko
Coordinates: 35.072351, -98.228770
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: American Indians; Military; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Black Beaver, Delaware frontier scout, served as the interpreter for the US Dragoon Expedition to the Plains Indians in 1834. He was awarded the rank of captain and helped guide expeditions through Indian Territory, including Captain Randolph Marcy’s expedition in 1849. Black Beaver was buried near his home northwest of Anadarko. In 1975 the Delaware reinterred his body on the Fort Sill Military Reservation.

Note: This marker no longer exists.

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Black Iron Fountain

Kay County
Location: at intersection of Fourth Street and Grand Avenue in Ponca City
Sponsor(s): Daughters of the American Revolution
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Social/Cultural; Water

The first watering fountain in Ponca City once stood near the Marland Estate stables. Mrs. George Fluke, the designer of the Oklahoma state flag, repainted the relief daises on the fountain.

Blackburn’s Station

Pittsburg County
Location: approximately seven miles southeast of Pittsburg on Pittsburg Road
Coordinates: 34.669525, -95.742105
Material: Other (Concrete with bronze plaque)
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: Transportation; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

In 1857, Congress created the Butterfield Overland Mail Route to carry mail and passengers between St. Louis, Missouri, and Memphis, Tennessee, and points west. It was the first real transcontinental link between the Atlantic states and the Pacific Coast of the United States. There were twelve stations along a 197-mile route in Oklahoma, including Blackburn’s Station. This marker commemorates the site of the Butterfield stage stop at Blackburn’s Station.

Note: This marker no longer exists.

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Blackwell Museum

Kay County
Location: at Top of Oklahoma Historical Museum, 303 South Main Street, Blackwell
Topics: Land Openings; Mining; Social/Cultural; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Markers honor the centennial of Blackwell in 1993, the homesteaders who made the run into the Cherokee Outlet in 1893, and employees of Blackwell Zinc Company who served in World War II.

Bloomfield Academy

Bryan County
Location: on OK-78, one and a half miles south of Achille
Material: Granite
Topics: American Indians; Education; Government; Religion/Philosophy; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Bloomfield Academy, a seminary for Chickasaw girls, was established in 1853 by authority of the Methodist Missionary Board. The school was located on two different sites in Bryan County before it was moved to Ardmore in 1917. There it was renamed Carter Seminary in honor of Congressman Charles D. Carter.

Note: This marker was reported damaged.

Blue Bell Bar

Logan County
Location: at Harrison Avenue and Second Street in Guthrie
Coordinates: 35.877057, -97.427351
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Donald W. Reynolds Foundation
Topics: Folklife; Recreational/Service; Social/Cultural; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

This was one of Guthrie's most popular saloons during territorial days. Cowboy star Tom Mix was a bartender at the Blue Bell before he left for Hollywood. The original frame building was replaced by the present brick structure in 1903.

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Boggy Depot (Butterfield Overland Mail)

Atoka County
Location: four miles south of OK-7 bridge on Clear Boggy River in Boggy Depot State Park
Coordinates: 34.319595, -96.307177
Material: Other (Concrete with bronze plaque)
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: Transportation; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

In 1857, Congress created the Butterfield Overland Mail Route to carry mail and passengers between St. Louis, Missouri, and Memphis, Tennessee, and points west. It was the first real transcontinental link between the Atlantic states and the Pacific Coast of the United States. There were twelve stations along a 197-mile route in Oklahoma, including Boggy Depot. This marker commemorates the site of the Butterfield stage stop in Boggy Depot.

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Boggy Depot (Old Boggy Depot)

Atoka County
Location: on OK-7 approximately 5 miles east of Wapanucka
Coordinates: 34.367578, -96.327843
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: American Indians; Government; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Transportation; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Site of town noted for distinguished citizens in state history. First house built in 1837 by Cyrus Harris, later governor of Chickasaw Nation. Later capital of Choctaw Nation and site of an Overland Mail Stage stand to San Francisco (1858–61). Home of Principal Chief Allen Wright, Choctaw, who named Oklahoma in 1866. Rev. Cyrus Kingsbury, noted missionary, is buried here.

Note: This marker replaced a previous aluminum marker titled “Old Boggy Depot.”

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Boley

Okfuskee County
Location: in community of Boley
Coordinates: 35.493390, -96.484182
Material: Other (Interpretive panel)
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: American Indians; Ethnic Diversity; Government; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Transportation; Urban Development

Boley is one of 13 All-Black towns, out of more than 50 that once existed, remaining in Oklahoma. While Tullahassee is reportedly the oldest, most were established between 1889 and 1907 as African Americans sought security and control of their own destiny in a segregated world. Boley was established in 1903 on land owned by a Muscogee (Creek) Freedwoman, Abigail Barnett. Boley was incorporated on May 11, 1905. By 1911 it boasted more than 4,000 citizens (25,000 in surrounding areas) and many businesses, including two banks and three cotton gins. The town hosts the oldest African American community-based rodeo every Memorial Day weekend.

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Boley, Oklahoma

Okfuskee County
Location: on US-62 in Boley
Coordinates: 35.488219, -96.484095
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society/Town of Boley
Topics: American Indians; Ethnic Diversity; Government; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Transportation; Urban Development

Boley, Creek Nation, Indian Territory, established as an all Black town on land of Creek Indian Freedwoman Abigail Barnett. Organized by T.M. Haynes first townsite manager. Established August 1903. Incorporated May 11, 1905. Declared National Historic Landmark May 15, 1975.

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Bond of Friendship

Pawnee County
Location: intersection of Market Street and Second Street in Skedee
Coordinates: 36.379819, -96.705051
Material: Other
Sponsor(s): Colonel E. Walters
Topics: American Indians; Folklore/Folklife; Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Petroleum

Erected in 1926, this monument features the likenesses of Osage Chief Bacon Rind (Wah-she-hah) and Colonel Ellsworth Walters to commemorate their role in opening oil fields within the Osage Reservation. For many years, Walters served as the public auctioneer for mineral leases within the reservation, the revenue from which was distributed to Osage headrights. Bacon Rind was elected principal chief of the Osage Nation and advocated for the development of petroleum resources within the reservation.

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Bonfils Building

Logan County
Location: at 107 South Second Street in Guthrie
Coordinates: 35.877679, -97.427689
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Donald W. Reynolds Foundation
Topics: Folklife; Industry/Business; Mass Communication; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

F. C. Bonfils ran his real estate business from an office in the first floor of this building and lived on the second floor. Bonfils, a descendant of Napoleon Bonaparte, was considered a con man in his early years. However, he later moved to Denver, Colorado, and co-founded the Denver Post newspaper.

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Booker T. Washington High School

McCurtain County
Location: at the former Booker T. Washington School campus in Idabel
Coordinates: 33.893863, -94.838091
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Booker T. Washington-Slater-Riverside Alumni Association
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Ethnic Diversity; Government; Industrial Period, 1941–1982; Social/Culture

Booker T. Washington High School began independently in one room of the Masonic Hall. Around 1908, the school moved into an old store. In 1911, it was under the County Superintendent and moved into a two-room building on this site. T.F. Spigner became principal in 1925 and increased the grades steadily through 1931 when three girls graduated 12th grade. The wood building mysteriously burned in l936 and was replaced by the WPA with a stone building costing $21,735. Groundbreaking was held on August 24, 1936, and the building was dedicated on March 24, 1937.

Booker T. Washington High School

Tulsa County
Location: on south edge of OSU-Tulsa campus
Material: Granite
Topics: Civil Rights; Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Education; Ethnic Diversity

The original school for African American students in Tulsa was a four-room wood building constructed in 1913. In 1919, a brick building was built on the same site and was one of the few structures to survive the 1921 Race Riot. The school moved to its present site in 1950.

Booth Number One

Payne County
Location: just west of North Perkins Road in Stillwater
Topics: Government; Land Openings; Settlement Patterns; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

The federal government established this booth where thousands registered for the opening of the Cherokee Outlet on September 16, 1893.

Bostwick Conglomerate Outcropping

Carter County
Location: one mile north of US-77 and OK-142 in Ardmore
Topics: Natural Resources

On the ten-mile stretch of US-77 north of Ardmore are markers noting the unique geological features of the area. The markers include the Woodford Shale and Chert Outcropping, Chimney Hill Limestone Outcropping, Viola Limestone Outcropping, Tulip Creek and Third Bromide Sandstone Outcropping, Basil McLish Sandstone Outcropping, and the Arbuckle-West Spring Creek Lime Outcropping.

Boulder Springs

Murray County
Location: at Falls Creek Conference Center at Turner Falls south of Davis
Sponsor(s): Baptist General Convention of Oklahoma
Topics: Natural Resources; Recreational/Service; Social/Cultural; Water

The springs were formerly known as the "Devil's Bathtub," due to the unique shape of the pool.

Boundary Line 1889 and 1893

Payne County
Location: at intersection of North Washington Street (formerly OK-40) and West Ranch Avenue in Stillwater
Coordinates: 36.16406, -97.06959
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: Land Openings; Settlement Patterns; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

An east-west line near this marker’s location marked the north boundary of the Unassigned Lands, which were opened for settlement on April 22, 1889. Four years later, on September 16, 1893, this line marked the south boundary for entry into the Cherokee Outlet.

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Brinkman

Greer County
Location: one mile west of US-283 on E1380 Rd in Brinkman Cemetery
Coordinates: 35.016636, -99.509926
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Brinkman Historical Marker Committee
Topics: Agriculture ; Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Ethnic Diversity; Settlement Patterns

Settlers from Texas and immigrants from Lebanon began homesteading in the area in the 1890s. The town of Brinkman was platted in 1910 upon the arrival of the Wichita Falls and Northwest Railroad. Originally known as Kell, the town was renamed after resident John Brinkman. The town’s population peaked in the 1920s as a marketing center for wheat, cotton, and livestock. The combination of a devastating fire in 1929, the Great Depression, and drought prompted a significant decline in the town’s fortunes. Brinkman School closed in 1957, followed by the post office in 1965. A single grain elevator continues to serve the community today.

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The British Plot, G.A.R. Cemetery

Ottawa County
Location: GAR Cemetery, 129 5th Ave, Miami OK
Material: Aluminum
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Military; Social/Cultural

During WWII 1941-1945, the Spartan School of Aeronautics, British Flying Three was established in Miami, OK to train British Pilots without the rest of interference. Miami's roster included 2124 Royal Air Force cadet and 117 United cadets of which 1493 pilots were awarded RAF wings. 15 British cadets lost their lives in training and interred here. Each year in October, G.A.R, Cemetery holds an annual British Flyers Remembrance ceremony to honor the lives of these 15 British cadets and to educate the public, young and old, to continue their legacy. Lest we forget.

Britton School

Caddo County
Location: on OK-152 five miles east of Binger
Coordinates: 35.306193, -98.244456
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Ramona Rich
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Education

Britton School was established in 1911 and originally known as Science Hill. Its name was changed to Britton School in honor of a pioneer family. A church located at the same site served as a grade school. The school closed in 1950.

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Brooks Opera House

Logan County
Location: at Harrison Avenue and Wentz Avenue in Guthrie
Coordinates: 35.877068, -97.424580
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Donald W. Reynolds Foundation
Topics: Arts; Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Government; Social/Cultural; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Constructed in 1899 by owner/manager James B. Brooks, this three-story limestone opera house seated 1,100 and contained ten finely appointed private boxes. It was furnished with folding upholstered chairs, steam heat, electric lights, hot and cold water, and other amenities. The adjacent Hotel Royal contained 80 guest rooms. On November 16, 1907, Governor Charles Haskell took the oath of office as the state of Oklahoma's first governor in room 47 of the hotel. Later that day, he was sworn in again in a public ceremony on the steps of the Carnegie Library.

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Brooksville

Pottawatomie County
Location: in community of Brooksville
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Ethnic Diversity; Land Openings; Settlement Patterns; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Urban Development

Brooksville is one of 13 All-Black towns, out of more than 50 that once existed, remaining in Oklahoma. While Tullahassee is reportedly the oldest, most were established between 1889 and 1907 as African Americans sought security and control of their own destiny in a segregated world. Most of the towns began to decline in the 1920s and 1930s as rural African Americans faced economic hardships and began to move to urban areas. Brooksville had a post office from 1909 to 1955 and is named for the first postmaster, Alfred H. Brooks.

Buckner Cemetery

McIntosh County
Location: off BUS-69 in Greenwood Cemetery, north of Eufaula
Coordinates: 35.293933, -95.582783
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Baptist Historical Commission
Topics: Family/Household; Religion/Philosophy; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Dr. Henry F. Buckner, called “The Apostle to the Creeks,” and members of his family are buried here, having been moved from the Buckner home now under Lake Eufaula. Buckner came to the Muscogee (Creek) Nation as a Baptist missionary in 1849. He died in 1882.

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Buffalo Springs

Garfield County
Location: on US-81, 1 1/2 miles north of Bison
Coordinates: 36.2150336,-97.8872384
Material: Aluminum
Topics: American Indians; Indian and Frontier Trade; Land Openings; Ranching; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Transportation

The springs were a favorite rest stop on the Chisholm Trail on long cattle drives from Texas to Kansas. A pioneer merchant, trader, and explorer, Jesse Chisholm, a Cherokee, established the trail through western Indian Territory before the Civil War. Texas cattlemen used the trail until the late 1880s to move millions of cattle to northern markets. The trail ran from Montague County, Texas, to Abilene, Kansas. Buffalo Springs was an important gathering place for settlers making the land run on April 22, 1889.

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Bull Foot Station

Kingfisher County
Location: west of US-81 in Bull Foot Park, Hennessey
Coordinates: 36.1003327,-97.9004032
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: Folklife; Ranching; Transportation; Water

On the old Chisholm Trail, this station was noted for its water well. The name from a huge indentation in the ground here, resembling imprint of a bull's foot. Buildings were still standing on site, 50 yards east of the old trail, and 4.5 miles south of the north line of the Oklahoma land, which was opened to settlers by the great run, April 22, 1889.

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Burney Institute

Marshall County
Location: on OK-32, 1 1/2 miles east of Lebanon
Material: Aluminum
Topics: American Indians; Education; Recreational/Service; Social/Cultural; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

The school was opened as a learning center for Chickasaw girls in 1859 under the supervision of the Cumberland Presbyterian Board. In 1887, the name was changed to Chickasaw Orphan Home and Manual Labor School. The first post office, called Burney Academy, opened on July 3, 1860.

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Burneyville School

Love County
Location: on OK-96 in Burneyville
Topics: Education; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

The school, once known as Red River School, was a subscription school when it was founded in 1880s. It closed in 1957.

Butterfield Overland Mail Route

Le Flore County
Location: south of Coal Creek on US 271, approximately 1/2 mile south of the junction of US 271 and OK 31
Coordinates: 35.184427, -94.672995
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Eastern Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: Transportation; Westward Expansion 1803–1861

The famous Butterfield Overland Mail Route crossed Coal Creek near here. The route, traversing 192 miles in Indian Territory from Fort Smith to Colbert’s Ferry on the Red River, had 12 stage stations. Coaches made the trip twice a week each way from 1858 to 1860.

Note: This marker could not be located and is presumed missing.

Butterfield Trail in Indian Territory

Atoka County
Location: on grounds of Atoka Museum and Civil War Cemetery, Atoka
Coordinates: 34.399071, -96.116760
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Lake Atoka Reservation Association, Oklahoma City Water Utilities Trust, City of Atoka, City of Oklahoma City
Topics: Transportation; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

On September 16, 1857, the John Butterfield Company received a federal contract to transport mail from Missouri to San Francisco in under 25 days. Semi-weekly trips began a year later. Twelve relay stations lined the Butterfield Trail in Indian Territory. Three (Waddell’s Station, Geary’s Station and Boggy Depot) were in present-day Atoka County. The Butterfield Trail permitted early trans-continental communication and was vital to settling the West. But its impact was short-lived. Service was halted by the Civil War (1861–1865). Afterward, railroads transported mail more quickly, rendering the Butterfield Trail obsolete. Marker commemorates the 150th anniversary of the Butterfield Trail in Indian Territory.

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Cabin Creek Battlefield

Mayes County
Location: on US-69, four miles north of Adair
Coordinates: 36.495603, -95.255954
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: Military; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

On September 18, 1864, a Confederate force of mainly 2,000 men, Gen. Stand Watie’s Indian Brigade, intercepted a Union supply train en route from Kansas to Fort Gibson. The convoy was captured after a heavy engagement. This was the last major Civil War engagement in Indian Territory. Earlier, in July 1863, Confederate forces were defeated in a small skirmish here.

Note: Cabin Creek Battlefield historic site is located approximately eight miles east of this marker’s location.

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California Road

Dewey County
Location: on OK-34, two miles north of Leedy
Coordinates: 35.896909, -99.337047
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Town of Leedey
Topics: Transportation; Ranching; Settlement Patterns; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Near here on May 28, 1849, was the camp of a large party of gold seekers en route to California with a military escort under the command of Captain R. B. Marcy. The California Road was used by travelers for over 50 years. East of here about four miles are traces of the Western Cattle Trail to Dodge City, Kansas.

Note: This marker was reported damaged on April 9, 2025.

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California Road

Roger Mills County
Location: at junction of US-283 and OK-33, 14 miles north of Cheyenne
Coordinates: 35.797609, -99.723281
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: Military; Transportation; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

In April 1849 Capt. Randolph Marcy, commander of Fort Towson, received orders to escort the Fort Smith and California Emigrating Company through Indian Territory. The expedition departed from Fort Smith, Arkansas, and generally followed the Canadian River, past towns and trading centers as well as geographic features such as the Antelope Hills located northwest of this marker. Although the company asked for a military escort to California, Marcy’s detachment accompanied them as far as Santa Fe, New Mexico, before returning to Fort Smith via a southern route through Texas and Indian Territory that was later utilized by the Butterfield Overland Mail.

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California Trail

McClain County
Location: at intersection of OK-59 and US-77 in Wayne
Coordinates: 34.913483, -97.310517
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: Military; Settlement Patterns; Transportation; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Gold seekers in the rush for California traveled this route in the spring of 1849 under a military escort under the command of Captain R. B. Marcy. Their route commenced west from Fort Smith along the south banks of the Arkansas and Canadian rivers across present Oklahoma. A campsite and spring three miles west of this marker were well known on the trail.

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Camp Arbuckle

McClain County
Location: on OK-59 one mile west of Byars
Coordinates: 34.883452, -97.071545
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: American Indians; Military; Settlement Patterns; Transportation; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Camp Arbuckle was established in May 1850 by Captain R. B. Marcy and Company D, 5th Infantry. The site was visited in 1849 by Marcy while escorting gold seekers to California. The post was moved in 1851 to a permanent site in present Garvin County. Buildings were then occupied by Delawares under Black Beaver. A Delaware town known as Beaversville existed there until the Civil War.

Note: This marker could not be located and is presumed to no longer exist.

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Camp Comanche

Comanche County
Location: on US Highway 62, two miles south of Caddo-Comanche County line
Coordinates: 34.825773, -98.387418
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: American Indians; Military; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Camp Comanche was set up near a large Comanche village by the First Dragoons under Colonel Henry Dodge on July 16, 1834, while en route from Fort Gibson to Plains tribes. Seventy-five Dragoons and noted artist George Catlin were too ill to travel farther with the expedition. The camp was evacuated on July 28, upon Dodge’s return from peace councils with the Plains Indians.

Note: This marker could not be located and is presumed to no longer exist.

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Camp Leavenworth

Marshall County
Location: on US-70 at west side of Kingston
Material: Aluminum
Topics: American Indians; Military; Social/Cultural; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

This frontier post was named for Brigadier General Henry Leavenworth, commander of the Dragoon Expedition through Oklahoma in 1834. Leavenworth died nearby after being injured in a buffalo hunt. Some historians call the 1834 expedition the greatest expeditionary force in the annals of the US Army.

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Camp Radziminski

Kiowa County
Location: on US-183, two miles north of Mountain Park
Coordinates: 34.724926, -98.949244
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: American Indians; Government; Military; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Established in September 1858 by four troops of the 2nd US Cavalry under Major Earl Van Dorn. The camp was named for Lieutenant Charles Radziminski, a former member of the 2nd Cavalry. E. Kirby Smith, Cornelius Van Camp, Fitzhugh Lee, and W. B. Royall served here. No permanent buildings were erected and the post was abandoned in December 1859.

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Camp Supply

Woodward County
Location: on US-183/US-412, one mile east of Fort Supply
Coordinates: 36.567624, -99.553785
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: Military; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Established in 1868, Camp Supply served as a forward base for Col. George Armstrong Custer’s 7th Cavalry. The post was designated Fort Supply in 1878 and abandoned in 1894.

Note: This marker has been replaced by the Fort Supply historical marker.

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Camp Tonkawa Prisoner of War Camp

Kay County
Location: original entrance into the camp, which is north of Tonkawa between Public and Main Streets
Topics: Agriculture; Ethnic Diversity; Government; Industrial Period, 1941–1982; Military; Social/Cultural

Between October and December of 1942 more than nine hundred construction workers labored twenty-four hours a day to build Camp Tonkawa on the quarter section immediately north of this marker (SE1/2 Sec. 28-26N-1W). The 160-acre site contained more than 180 wooden structures for 3,000 German prisoners of war (POWs), as well as five hundred US Army guard troops, service personnel, and civilian employees. Activated in January 1943, the post received its first POWs in August: German troops of the Afrika Corps captured in North Africa. The facility operated at or near capacity throughout its existence. Prisoners worked on area farms and ranches as well as at an alfalfa dryer plant in Tonkawa. In November 1943, a disturbance among the prisoners resulted in the death of one German soldier. Eight POWs escaped from the camp but all were recaptured. Camp Tonkawa closed in September 1945, and the POWs were returned to Europe.

Cantonment

Blaine County
Location: on OK-51, 1/2 mile west of Canton
Coordinates: 36.055893, -98.599748
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: American Indians; Military; Religion/Philosophy; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Colonel Richard Dodge established this post in March 1879 as part of the US Army’s attempt to police the Cheyenne and Arapaho Reservation. The military abandoned the post three years later. It was subsequently used as a Mennonite mission, a federal Indian school, and an Indian agency.

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Canute

Washita County
Location: on I-40 in Canute
Material: Granite
Topics: Government; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Urban Development

Initially called Oak, this town was named for the king of Denmark. The first post office was established on February 24, 1899.

Captain Atoka

Atoka County
Location: on grounds of Atoka County Courthouse in Atoka
Coordinates: 34.385550, -96.126833
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Atoka Historical Society
Topics: American Indians; Government; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

In memory of Captain Atoka. Born about 1792. Died during Civil War. Signed the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek in 1830. Led band of Choctaws to this area, settling near Crystal in 1834. Captain Atoka was a noted athlete, Choctaw subchief and respected leader. Atoka County and the City of Atoka were named in his honor.

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Carl Albert

Pittsburg County
Location: on North A Street in McAlester
Material: Granite
Topics: Government; Industrial Period, 1941–1982; Recreational/Service; Social/Cultural

Educated in a one-room schoolhouse at Bugtussle, Carl Albert became the highest-ranking Oklahoman ever to serve in the federal government. A Rhodes scholar, Albert was a Democratic member of the US House of Representatives from Oklahoma's Third Congressional District and rose to the position of Speaker of the House.

Carnegie Library

Logan County
Location: at 402 East Oklahoma Avenue in Guthrie
Coordinates: 35.878167, -97.421080
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Donald W. Reynolds Foundation
Topics: Arts; Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Government; Social/Cultural; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Constructed in 1902 with a $25,000 grant from Andrew Carnegie, this restored building is now connected to the Oklahoma Territorial Museum. The last territorial governor and the first state governor took their oaths of office here. The mock wedding symbolizing the joining of Oklahoma and Indian Territory as the state of Oklahoma took place on the library steps on November 16, 1907.

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Carnegie Library

Logan County
Location: outside main entrance of Oklahoma Territorial Museum in Guthrie
Coordinates: 35.878187, -97.420805
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Daughters of the American Revolution
Topics: Arts; Social/Cultural; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Celebrating our rich heritage of early literacy promotion by recognizing the oldest Carnegie Library in Oklahoma still in existence.

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Carr-Bartles Mill

Washington County
Location: on OK-123 north of Bartlesville
Coordinates: 36.756437, -95.968722
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: Industry/Business; Settlement Patterns; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

In 1870, Nelson F. Carr built a gristmill on the Caney River. A few years later, Jacob Bartles bought the site and added a flour mill and store. The mills were the first commercial enterprises in what became the city of Bartlesville.

Note: This marker no longer exists.

Carry A. Nation

Dewey County
Location: on US-183 south of intersection with US-60
Coordinates: 36.140223, -98.955791
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Seiling Chamber of Commerce
Topics: Family/Household; Settlement Patterns; Social/Cultural

Carry Nation and her husband David lived in a log cabin on this site after the opening of the Cheyenne-Arapaho lands in 1892. After moving to Medicine Lodge, Kansas, in 1899, Nation began her famous crusade against liquor, including using a hatchet to smash saloons.

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Catherine Ann (Kate) Barnard

Logan County
Location: at Second Street and Oklahoma Avenue in Guthrie
Coordinates: 35.878118, -97.427770
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: Civil Rights; Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Government

Kate Barnard was the only woman invited to address the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention. “Kate’s planks” prohibited child labor, enacted a compulsory education law, and created the office of Commissioner of Charities and Corrections, to which she was elected in November 1907. She was the first woman in Oklahoma elected to state office.

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The CCC and OKC Zoological Park and Amphitheater

Oklahoma County
Location: at Oklahoma City Zoo
Material: Granite
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Government; Recreational/Service; Social/Cultural

This park was created between 1933 and 1936 by members of Civilian Conservation Corps No. 875 and 895. These companies were two of many such companies organized by the federal government during the Great Depression to provide useful employment for thousands of young men and to develop and save the nation's natural resources.

Centennial Monument

Pottawatomie County
Location: near grounds of Santa Fe Museum on East Main Street in Shawnee
Coordinates: 35.327594, -96.916127
Material: Other (Brick with granite plaques)
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Centennial Commission
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Industrial Period, 1941–1982; Modern, 1982 to present; Social/Culture; Transportation

Honoring the State of Oklahoma and Pottawatomie County Centennial Organizations, 1907–2007. Includes two other markers: one commemorating the dedication of Centennial Park (September 22, 1991), and one commemorating the centennial of the Santa Fe Depot (May 7, 2004).

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Centennial Wall

Woods County
Location: at southeast corner of the county courthouse in Alva
Coordinates: 36.803911, -98.664710
Material: Other (Brick wall with bronze plaque and statuary)
Sponsor(s): Daughters of the American Revolution
Topics: Government; Land Openings; Settlement Patterns; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

The 1,600 bricks in the wall list the names of past and present Woods County families and commemorate the centennial of the opening of the Cherokee Outlet in 1893.

Central State College

Oklahoma County
Location: at intersection of Second Street and Boulevard in Edmond
Coordinates: 35.652670, -97.478190
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: Education; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

The Oklahoma Territorial Legislature established the school for the training of teachers in December of 1890. Known as Central State Teachers College, Central State College, and Central State University, the institution is now the University of Central Oklahoma. Old North, built in 1892, is the oldest building on campus.

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Cephas Washburn

Sequoyah County
Location: on grounds of Dwight Mission site, approximately three miles southwest of Marble City
Coordinates: 35.551400, -94.845900
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Dwight Mission Board of Directors and the Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: American Indians; Education; Religion/Philosophy; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Dwight Mission was founded by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions as a school for Cherokees. Originally located in Arkansas, Reverend Cephas Washburn reestablished the mission in Indian Territory in 1829. For four decades, Washburn provided educational leadership among the Cherokees.

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Chahta Tamaha

Bryan County
Location: US-70 at the eastern city limits of Bokchito
Coordinates: 34.016443, -96.130734
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: American Indians; Education; Government; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Site of Armstrong Academy, established by the Choctaw Nation in 1845 and run by Rev. R. D. Potts under the Baptist Missionary Society. Post office established November 1850 and capitol of Choctaw Nation from 1863 to 1883. Noted chiefs included Peter P. Pitchlynn, Allen Wright, and Jackson McCurtain.

Note: Marker text incorrectly refers to site as a “Confederate Capitol” during the Civil War.

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Charles Journeycake

Nowata County
Location: five miles south of OK-28/US-60 junction on OK-28
Coordinates: 36.626737, -95.485858
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Roberta Campbell Lawson and Herbert Lockhart Campbell
Topics: American Indians; Government; Religion/Philosophy; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

This marker commemorates the site of the residence of Reverend Charles Journeycake and his wife, Jane Sosha Journeycake. Rev. Journeycake was a Baptist minister and chief of the Delaware Indians. In 1866, he supported a treaty removing the Delawares from Kansas to Indian Territory. Under his leadership, the Delawares settled in Indian Territory on land purchased from the Cherokee Nation. Delaware Baptist Church was located near his home. He died on January 3, 1894.

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Charleston

Harper County
Location: on US-64, eleven miles east of Buffalo
Material: Granite
Topics: Government; Industry/Business; Retail; Settlement Patterns; Transportation; Urban Development

The town of Charleston was named for Charles Eilerts who was appointed postmaster on May 18, 1901. The town had two general stores, a drug store, a newspaper, a livery stable, and a doctor until the railroad bypassed it in 1920.

Cherokee National Cemetery

Muskogee County
Location: on East Poplar Street in Fort Gibson
Material: Aluminum
Topics: American Indians; Government; Social/Cultural; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Before the Civil War, the Cherokees designated the cemetery as a national cemetery. The Cherokee Nation maintained the cemetery until 1906 when it was transferred to the town of Fort Gibson. Cherokee Principal Chief William P. Ross and other tribal leaders are buried here.

Cherokee Strip

Garfield County
Location: on US-81 near Garfield-Kingfisher County line south of Bison
Coordinates: 36.164368,-97.8900864
Material: Aluminum
Topics: Agriculture; Government; Land Openings; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Opened by Run, September 16, 1893. On line here, 15,000 waited for carbine signal fired by cavalryman at High Noon. Lt. C. A. Hedekin, commanding Troop A, US Cavalry Race for land started from post on knoll half mile west, by wagon, buggy, bicycle, horse and train. IN 60 by 90 mile area, every acre claimed by nightfall. The first settlers reached Enid from here.

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Cherokee Strip

Kay County
Location: on US-77 at entrance of Chilocco Indian School
Coordinates: 36.987376, -97.042055
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in Oklahoma
Topics: Land Openings; Settlement Patterns; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

On September 11, 1893, thousands of Americans gathered to prepare to make a run for homesteads in the Cherokee Outlet. The US government arranged to have booths placed near the Kansas state line for prospective settlers to declare their intentions to participate in the land run. The Cherokee Outlet opened for settlement on September 16, 1893, with land offices located in Perry, Enid, Alva, and Woodward.

Cherokee Strip

Woods County
Location: at intersection of Flynn and Post Office streets in Alva
Coordinates: 36.804733, -98.664470
Material: Other (Stone with bronze plaque)
Sponsor(s): Daughters of the American Revolution
Topics: Government; Land Openings; Settlement Patterns; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

The first land office in the Cherokee Outlet was located here.

Cherokee-Seneca Boundary

Delaware County
Location: on US-59 at Buffalo Creek
Material: Aluminum
Topics: American Indians; Government; Settlement Patterns

In 1831, more than 400 members of the Seneca Tribe in Ohio gave up their reservation land in exchange for a tract of land in the northeastern part of the Cherokee Nation. This was the boundary between the Cherokee land and the Seneca territory that comprised an area of 67,000 acres, seven miles by fifteen miles.

Cheyenne-Arapaho Cattle Ranch (Hodge Site)

Custer County
Location: on OK-33, three miles east of Hammon
Coordinates: 35.638807, -99.321835
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and Custer County Historical Society
Topics: American Indians; Precontact; Ranching; Territorial, 1861–1907

The main headquarters for this million-acre ranch was on the Washita River at the mouth of Quartermaster Creek. The ranch, established in 1882, was also known as the Apple Ranch. Part of the ranch is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Hodge Archaeological Site.

Note: This marker is damaged.

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Chickasaw Council House

Johnston County
Location: in Chickasaw Museum, 200 North Fisher, Tishomingo
Topics: American Indians; Government; Social/Cultural; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

A log cabin, now restored to near original condition, served as the official meeting place of Chickasaw leaders from 1856 until 1858 when a new brick building was constructed. Fire destroyed that building in 1890, and the final Chickasaw capitol, now the Johnston County Courthouse, was built in 1897.

Chickasaw Trail of Tears

McCurtain County
Location: on US Hwy 70 between Broken Bow and Arkansas state line
Topics: American Indians; Government; Settlement Patterns; Transportation; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

During the late 1830s and early 1840s, Chickasaws removed by the United States government from Mississippi and Alabama passed near here on their way to a new homeland in present-day south-central Oklahoma. In 1937 an estimated 6,000 Chickasaws traveled by various routes to lands purchased from the Choctaws. This journey became known as the Chickasaw Trail of Tears.

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Chief Bugler’s Grave

Kiowa County
Location: in Quartz Mountain State Park
Material: Granite
Topics: Folklife; Military; Social/Cultural

On March 5, 1869, William Gruber, the popular young bugler of the 19th Kansas Cavalry, was killed in a hunting accident while his regiment was in bivouac in the area. He was buried at dawn with the honors of war.

Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce

Kay County
Location: on US 60 approximately 2 miles east of Tonkawa
Coordinates: 36.688083, -97.267000
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Tonkawa Historical Society and Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: American Indians; Settlement Patterns; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

After surrendering to the US military in 1877, the Nez Perce under Chief Joseph were relocated to Indian Territory as prisoners of war. At Oakland Agency (near present-day Tonkawa), the Nez Perce made a substantial effort to become economically self-sufficient by arranging leasing agreements with local ranchers. They also established a day school. The Nez Perce left Indian Territory in 1885. Over 100 Nez Perce children died during their time in Indian Territory, including Chief Joseph’s daughter.

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Chief Left Hand/Jesse Chisholm

Blaine County
Location: at Jessie Chisholm’s gravesite near Left Hand Springs, approximately six miles northeast of Geary
Coordinates: 35.726170, -98.290304
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: American Indians; Indian and Frontier Trade; Religion/Philosophy; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Westward Expansion 1803–1861

This marker commemorates Chief Left Hand and Jesse Chisholm. Chief Left Hand was born in the 1840s near present Fort Supply. This noted warrior and survivor of the Sand Creek Massacre attended the Medicine Lodge conference in 1867, which resulted in the removal of his people to Indian Territory. He became principal chief of the Southern Arapaho in 1889. His allotment included this site, then known as Raven Springs, now Left Hand Springs. Jesse Chisholm was a merchant and trader who established a trail through western Indian Territory before the Civil War. Texas cattlemen used the trail until the late 1880s to move millions of cattle to northern markets. Chisholm died in March 1868. His burial site is near this marker’s location.

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Chief Mosholatubbee

Le Flore County
Location: in Hall Cemetery south of Cameron on Raymond Adams Road
Material: Granite
Topics: American Indians; Settlement Patterns; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Chief Mosholatubbee was one of three Choctaw chiefs who signed early treaties with the United States, including the 1830 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, which provided for the removal of the Choctaws to Indian Territory. He moved with his people to a new home off the Fort Towson Road, north of Sugar Loaf Mountain, and died August 3, 1838. In his honor, the Choctaw Nation region from the Arkansas River to the Winding Stair Mountains was called Mosholatubbee District.

Chief Pushmataha

Wagoner County
Location: on US-69, 1/4 mile north of Arkansas River bridge
Material: Granite
Topics: American Indians; Recreational/Service; Social/Cultural; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Chief Pushmataha led a Mississippi Choctaw hunting expedition to the area in January of 1807 and attacked armed men under the leadership of French trader Joseph Bogy. Pushmataha County, in southeastern Oklahoma, is named for this great Choctaw leader.

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Chief Sapulpa Cemetery

Creek County
Location: on East Taft Avenue near South Division Street in Sapulpa
Sponsor(s): Daughters of the American Revolution
Topics: American Indians; Indian and Frontier Trade; Social/Cultural; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Chief Sapulpa Cemetery, one block south of the marker, is named for a full-blood Creek Indian named "Chief" Sapulpa, although he was not a chief. He owned an early trading post and was a Confederate officer in the Civil War. His real name was Sepulcher, but over time the name became corrupted to Sapulpa. The local DAR chapter purchased the burial ground in 1923.

Chief Stumbling Bear Pass

Comanche County
Location: on OK-58 north of Fort Sill Military Reservation
Coordinates: 34.807365, -98.524543
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: American Indians; Government; Settlement Patterns; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Stumbling Bear, a Kiowa, was the last signer of the Medicine Lodge Treaty in 1867. Stumbling Bear founded the first permanent settlement of Plains Indians in the area. In 1877 the federal government built houses for the Indians on Canyon Creek, north of the Wichita Mountains.

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Chief’s Old House

Choctaw County
Location: on county road, two miles northeast of Swink
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Swink Historical Preservation Association
Topics: American Indians; Family/Household; Settlement Patterns; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

According to some this is the oldest house still standing in Oklahoma, having been built in 1832 by the federal government for Choctaw District Chief Thomas LeFlore under its treaty obligations with the Choctaw Nation. Recent scholarship indicates that the home built for LeFlore stood west of Wheelock Mission in McCurtain County. However, this old house is representative of a typical Choctaw planter's home in the mid-nineteenth century.

Note: This marker could not be located and is presumed missing.

Chilocco Indian School

Kay County
Location: on US-77 at the Oklahoma-Kansas border
Coordinates: 36.998350, -97.045762
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: American Indians; Education; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Congress authorized this off-reservation school for Indian children in 1882. The school opened two years later, admitting children from tribes such as the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Comanche. The first class at Chilocco graduated in 1894.

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Chisholm Trail

Canadian County
Location: on grounds of Mollie Spencer Farm in Yukon
Coordinates: 35.497068, -97.759740
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: Ranching; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Transportation

A pioneer merchant, trader, and explorer, Jesse Chisholm, a Cherokee, established a trail through western Indian Territory before the Civil War. Texas cattlemen used the trail until the late 1880s to move millions of cattle to northern markets. The trail ran from Montague County, Texas, to Abilene, Kansas.

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Chisholm Trail

Garfield County
Location: in Government Springs Park in Enid
Coordinates: 36.391002, -97.871987
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Jesse Chisholm Trail and Memorial Association
Topics: American Indian and Frontier Trade; American Indians; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Transportation; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Here passed the old cattle trail, blazed by Jesse Chisolm, which finally stretched for eight hundred miles, from San Antonio, Texas, to Abilene, Kansas, over which cowboys from the pasturelands of the great southwest drove the herds to the railroads. Many tales of the adventure will perhaps remain untold with the passing of those who traveled the trail. To them, this memorial is dedicated, in the year 1945.

Note: Originally located approximately four miles north of Enid on US-64/US-81. Moved to Government Springs Park in Enid in September 2025.

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Chisholm Trail

Grant County
Location: One mile north of Pond Creek on Highway 81, on the west side of the road
Coordinates: 36.6807398,-97.804301
Material: Other (Stone with bronze plaque)
Sponsor(s): Daughters of the American Revolution
Topics: American Indian and Frontier Trade; American Indians; Ranching; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Transportation; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

A pioneer merchant, trader, and explorer, Jesse Chisholm, a Cherokee, established the trail through western Indian Territory before the Civil War. Texas cattlemen used the trail until the late 1880s to move millions of cattle to northern markets. The trail ran from Montague County, Texas, to Abilene, Kansas.

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Chisholm Trail

Grant County
Location: Approximately 400 feet west of Eighth Street in Pond Creek on Highway 81, on the north side of the road
Coordinates: 36.666028, -97.812611
Material: Other (Stone with bronze plaque)
Sponsor(s): Daughters of the American Revolution
Topics: American Indians; Indian and Frontier Trade; Ranching; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Transportation; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

A pioneer merchant, trader, and explorer, Jesse Chisholm, a Cherokee, established the trail through western Indian Territory before the Civil War. Texas cattlemen used the trail until the late 1880s to move millions of cattle to northern markets. The trail ran from Montague County, Texas, to Abilene, Kansas.

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Chisholm Trail

Kingfisher County
Location: on US-81 at north edge of Dover
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: American Indians; Indian and Frontier Trade; Ranching; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Transportation; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

A pioneer merchant, trader, and explorer, Jesse Chisholm, a mixed-blood Cherokee, established a trail through western Indian Territory before the Civil War. Texas cattlemen used the trail until the late 1880s to move millions of cattle to northern markets. The trail ran from Montague County, Texas, to Abilene, Kansas.

Note: This marker could not be located and is presumed missing.

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Chisholm Trail

Stephens County
Location: on old OK-7, two miles east of Duncan
Coordinates: 34.492117, -97.909259
Material: Stone
Sponsor(s): Kiwanis Club of Duncan
Topics: Ranching; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Transportation

This stone monument commemorates a crossing of the Chisholm Trail. Cattlemen used the trail until the late 1880s to move millions of cattle to northern markets. The monument was dedicated in 1936 and was reconstructed in 1986. Accompanying it is a granite marker in memory of Ted A. Gilbert, president of the Kiwanis Club chapter when the monument was first built.

Chisholm Trail

Stephens County
Location: on US-81 in Memorial Park in Duncan
Coordinates: 34.509367, -97.967365
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: Ranching; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Transportation

Named for Jesse Chisholm, the Chisholm Trail ran two miles east of this marker. William Duncan constructed a store to serve cowboys who stopped along the trail, and later laid out the townsite of Duncan. One of the first commercial dairies in western Oklahoma was established by Theodore Fitzpatrick in the vicinity. He secured cows from the trail herds and sold milk to drovers and the US military at Fort Sill.

Chisholm Trail Lookout (Monument Hill)

Jefferson County
Location: on E1910 Rd (Monument Rd) two miles east of Addington
Coordinates: 34.245275, -97.922307
Material: Other (Concrete obelisk with granite plaques)
Sponsor(s): Pickens County Cowpunchers Association/Oklahoma Centennial Commission
Topics: Ethnic Diversity; Ranching; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Transportation

The Pickens County Cowpunchers Association organized support for the construction of a memorial on Monument Hill east of Addington to commemorate cowboys who worked along the Chisholm Trail. Monument Hill was a prominent local landmark for drovers along the trail. The concrete obelisk on site was dedicated in April 1941. Granite plaques honoring Jesse Chisholm and members of the cowpunchers association were added in the early 1980s. The Oklahoma Centennial Commission sponsored the replacement of the granite plaques in 2007. The gravesite of Tom Lattimore, a Black cowboy and ranch hand, is nearby.

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Chitto Harjo, Creek Patriot

McCurtain County
Location: in front yard of home approximately five miles south of Smithville (SW 4 NE 4 SW 4 of S 3, T 2S, R25 E)
Material: Other (Concrete with bronze plaque)
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: American Indians; Folklife; Government; Social/Cultural; Territorial Period, 1861–1907; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

This Muscogee (Creek) leader opposed the allotment of tribal lands through various means, including lobbying federal officials, refusing to file for an allotment, and directly resisting government agents and the Creek National Council. This marker commemorates Harjo’s gravesite. He died here circa 1911 in the home of Choctaw citizen Daniel Bobb after a shootout at his home near Henryetta in 1909.

Note: Marker is located on private property.

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Choctaw Agency

Le Flore County
Location: on US-271, approximately one mile east of Spiro
Coordinates: 35.240469, -94.595410
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Oklahoma Department of Transportation
Topics: American Indians; Government; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

The first building to house Choctaw Indian agents at this location was completed in 1832. The village later was known as Skullyville where a new Choctaw constitution was adopted at a convention in 1857.

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Choctaw Capitol

Pushmataha County
Location: on US-271, 1 1/2 miles west of Tuskahoma
Material: Aluminum
Topics: American Indians; Government; Settlement Patterns; Social/Cultural; Transportation; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

The first Choctaw capitol, Nanih Waiya, was completed in 1838. The first Choctaw constitution was written here in 1834. At Nanih Waiya are buried the bones of the Choctaws who died en route to Indian Territory from their ancestral homeland in Mississippi in the 1830s.

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Choctaw Chief Isaac Garvin

McCurtain County
Location: in Waterhole Cemetery three miles south of Garvin
Topics: American Indians; Family/Household; Government; Social/Cultural; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Garvin served as principal chief of the Choctaws from 1879 to his death in 1880.

Choctaw Chief Thomas LeFlore

McCurtain County
Location: one mile west of Wheelock Mission on private land
Topics: American Indians

Leflore, chief of the Apuckshunnubbe District of the Choctaw Nation, 1834–1838 and 1842–1850, lived in a home built here under the 1830 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. He died in 1859 and was buried in a family cemetery nearby.

Choctaw Chief’s House

Choctaw County
Location: on grounds of house, two miles northeast of Swink
Coordinates: 34.023164, -95.181443
Material: Other (Concrete with bronze plaque)
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society and the Daughters of the American Revoluntion
Topics: American Indians; Family/Household; Settlement Patterns; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Three concrete markers commemorate what was once known as Choctaw Chief’s House. This house was originally believed to have been constructed for Choctaw District Chief Thomas LeFlore in 1832 per terms of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek (1830). Subsequent research uncovered that Chief LeFlore’s House likely stood west of Wheelock Mission in McCurtain County. See “Chief’s Old House.” Also see Louis Coleman, “The Choctaw Chief’s House: Oral Tradition and Historical Inaccuracies,” The Chronicles of Oklahoma 81, No. 4 (Winter 2003–04): 492–501. Markers’ sponsors include the Oklahoma Historical Society and Daughters of the American Revolution.

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Choctaw Nation Capitol Building

Pushmataha County
Location: on OK-2, one mile north of US-271 junction
Topics: American Indians; Government; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

The last Choctaw capitol was erected here in 1884. The tribal government was housed in the building until statehood. The Choctaw Nation's headquarters are now located in Durant.

Choctaw Trail of Tears

McCurtain County
Location: at a point on US Hwy 70 near Broken Bow, Oklahoma
Topics: American Indians; Government; Settlement Patterns; Social/Cultural; Transportation; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

During the early 1830s, Choctaw Indians removed by the United States government from Mississippi passed near here on their way to new homes in present-day Oklahoma. An estimated 15,000 Choctaws traveled by steamboat, wagon, and on foot to Oklahoma. Approximately one-quarter of the tribe perished from cold, disease, and starvation during the removal journey. This journey became known as the "Choctaw Trails of Tears.

Choctaw-Chickasaw Woman’s Missionary Union

Pittsburg County
Location: at the intersection of Monroe Street and Strong Boulevard in McAlester (OBHC)
Topics: American Indians; Religion/Philosophy; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Baptist women's work in Oklahoma began in 1876 with the organization of the Choctaw-Chickasaw Woman's Missionary Union.

Chouteau’s Post

Mayes County
Location: on public school grounds in Salina
Topics: American Indians; Indian and Frontier Trade; Military; Settlement Patterns; Westward Expansion, 1803–1861

Auguste Chouteau and his brother, Pierre, traded with the Arkansas band of Osage in the Three Forks area where the Arkansas, Verdigris, and Grand Rivers merge. Colonel A. P. Chouteau—Pierre's son and the fourteenth man to graduate from the US Military Academy at West Point— built a trading post on the Grand River in 1817, recognized as the oldest permanent American settlement in what became Oklahoma. He built a home near the trading post on the eastern bank of the Grand River.

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The Cimarron Cowboy

Woods County
Location: American Legion Park in Freedom
Coordinates: 36.769423, -99.112640
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Cimarron Cowboys Association
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Land Openings; Ranching; Settlement Patterns; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Commemorates the cowboys and ranchers who founded and developed the cattle industry in the Cimarron country of northwest Oklahoma.

The City of Altus B-47 Bomber

Jackson County
Location: at Park Lane and East Broadway Street in Altus
Coordinates: 34.637951, -99.316829
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Air Force Association Chapter 342
Topics: Industrial Period, 1941–1982; Military

On April 22, 1955, Col. Audrin R. Walker, 96th Bombardment Wing Commander, landed the first bomber on the runway of Altus Air Force Base. In a special ceremony, the bomber was christened “The City of Altus.” The US Air Force gave the bomber to the city of Altus on Armed Services Day, May 14, 1961.

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The City of Norman and the Cleveland County Historical Museum

Cleveland County
Location: 508 North Peters Avenue in Norman
Coordinates: 35.225647, -97.444612
Material: Aluminum
Sponsor(s): Cleveland County Historical Society
Topics: Family/Household; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

Constructed in 1895, six years after the 1889 Land Run, this house, known as the Harry Lindsey Home, has been restored as a classic example of pre-statehood architecture.

Note: This marker has been replaced by the Moore-Lindsay Historic House Museum historical marker.

Civil War 10-Pounder

Oklahoma County
Location: on grounds of Wiley Post Building, 2100 North Lincoln Boulevard, Oklahoma City
Coordinates: 35.490258, -97.502327
Material: Other (Concrete with bronze plaque)
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Military; Recreation/Service

This three-inch, muzzle-loading field cannon was used in battle by the New Jersey Volunteer Artillery and for entertainment by Pawnee Bill's Wild West show. Major Gordon W. Lillie (Pawnee Bill) gave the cannon to his long-time publicist Frank Stuart who kept it at his Nichols Hills home before bequeathing it to the Oklahoma Historical Society. The marker associated with the cannon was removed with the conversion of the Wiley Post Building to the Oklahoma Judicial Center. The cannon has since been moved to the Pawnee Bill Ranch and Museum.

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Civil War Burial Site

Atoka County
Location: on grounds of Atoka Museum and Civil War Cemetery, Atoka
Coordinates: 34.399041, -96.116674
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: Military; Territorial Period, 1861–1907

During the Civil War, Confederate forces kept an outpost camp at a spring near the Middle Boggy River to guard the route to Boggy Depot. In the winter of 1862, measles swept through Colonel C. L. Dawson’s 19th Arkansas Infantry and forced the men to camp at the river. Those who died were buried in the cemetery near this marker’s location.

Note: This marker replaced the Middle Boggy Battle historical marker.

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Civilian Conservation Corps and Boiling Springs State Park

Woodward County
Location: in Boiling Springs State Park
Material: Granite
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Environmental/Cultural Ecology; Government; Recreation/Service; Social/Cultural

Company 2822 of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) built the Boiling Springs State Park from 1935 to 1940 as part of the federal government's program to provide jobs during the Great Depression.

Civilian Conservation Corps and Lake Murray State Park

Carter County
Location: in Lake Murray State Park
Material: Granite
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Government; Recreational/Service

The men of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Companies 1813 and 849 lived and worked in a camp during the Great Depression and built Lake Murray State Park. The CCC was a make-work program created by Congress at the suggestion of President Franklin D. Roosevelt to help alleviate the shortage of jobs in America. Three hundred young men worked for seven years carving the rock for the Lake Murray dam, built shelters, picnic tables, roads, and trails and landscaped the park.

Civilian Conservation Corps and Osage Mountain

Osage County
Location: in Osage Hills State Park
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Government; Recreational/Service; Social/Cultural

Men of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) built structures and roads in the park in the 1930s.

Civilian Conservation Corps and Platt National Park, 1933–1942

Murray County
Location: on Bison Road west of US 177, in Chickasaw National Recreation Area
Coordinates: 34.501550, -96.971633
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma CCC Alumni and the Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Government; Recreational/Service; Social/Cultural

In the 1930s, young men of Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Company 808 contributed a major part to the building of Platt National Park, which was the only national park located in Oklahoma. The area is now part of the Chickasaw National Recreation Area.

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Civilian Conservation Corps and Quartz Mountain State Park

Kiowa County
Location: in Quartz Mountain State Park
Topics: Environmental/Cultural Ecology; Government; Natural Resources; Recreational/Service; Social/Cultural

Members of Company 2810 of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) built the state park from 1937 to 1939. Approximately 150 young men lived in tents and were paid $30 per month, of which $25 was sent to their homes. CCC members built trails, roads, shelters, picnic tables, and cabins, and landscaped the park.

Civilian Conservation Corps and Robbers Cave State Park

Latimer County
Location: in Robbers Cave State Park
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Government; Recreational/Service; Social/Cultural; Water

Members of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) constructed Robbers Cave State Park in the 1930s on land donated by State Representative Carlton Weaver, who is buried in the main park circle. Carlton Lake is named for him.

Civilian Conservation Corps and Roman Nose State Park

Blaine County
Location: on OK-8A in Roman Nose State Park, Watonga vicinity
Coordinates: 35.929667, -98.425059
Material: Granite
Sponsor(s): Oklahoma NACCA Alumni Association and the Oklahoma Historical Society
Topics: Early Statehood, 1907–1941; Government; Recreational/Service; Social/Cultural

Dedicated to Civilian Conservation Corps Company 2819. Men of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) built roads and buildings in Roman Nose State Park during the Great Depression. For their work they were paid $30 per month, of which $25 was sent home. They also received housing, food, medical and dental care as well as educational benefits.

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If you have questions, please contact:
Matthew Pearce
Oklahoma Historical Society
800 Nazih Zuhdi Drive
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405-522-8659
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